Which of the following describes a fixed mindset?

A fixed mindset is characterized by the belief that intelligence and abilities are static and unchangeable. This viewpoint suggests that people are born with a certain level of intelligence, and no amount of effort or learning can increase it. Those with a fixed mindset are likely to avoid challenges and feel threatened by others' success because they perceive their intelligence as a definitive measure of their worth.

In contrast, the other choices highlight aspects of a growth mindset—the belief that with effort, learning, and resilience, individuals can improve their intelligence and abilities. For example, believing that intelligence is malleable suggests a willingness to embrace challenges, while seeing challenges as opportunities and believing that effort leads to success are both fundamental hallmarks of a growth-oriented approach to learning and development.